Baseline
In project management, a baseline is a firmly defined reference point that represents the approved and documented initial planning of a project or project part, and later serves as a benchmark for project progress.
At its core, a baseline represents a unique ‘frozen state’ of a planning parameter, typically established after the planning phase is completed and not to be altered without formal approval. Baselines can pertain to individual aspects such as scope, schedule, or costs, or be used as a combined performance reference.
A baseline is not a static document that is simply filed away: it serves as a central foundation for subsequent performance and progress measurement. It answers the question of whether a project plan needs to be adhered to, improved, or adjusted.
Function and Purpose in the Project Lifecycle
Establishing a baseline serves several key purposes:
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- It creates a clear starting point from which the actual state and the plan can be compared.
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- Deviations in scope, time, or costs thus become measurable and manageable.
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- Baselines support change control by clearly defining which changes require formal approval.
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- They form the basis for common controlling methods such as Earned Value Management (EVM).
Typical Components of a Baseline
In traditional projects, baselines are usually established for the following aspects:
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- Scope Baseline: Definition of what is included and delivered in the project.
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- Schedule Baseline: Approved schedule including milestones.
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- Cost Baseline: Original, approved budget plan.
These three baselines together often form the Performance Measurement Baseline, which is used to evaluate performance deviations in the project.